Pneumonia is a serious respiratory infection that can affect people of all ages, but it is particularly dangerous for the elderly, young children, and individuals with weakened immune systems. 

According to the World Health Organisation, pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children around the world. In 2019, pneumonia led to 14% of all fatalities in children under the age of five but 22% of all deaths in children aged one to five. Pneumonia affects children and families worldwide, although southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the greatest mortality rates.

Causes Of Pneumonia

Pneumonia is primarily caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. According to Dr. Prabhakar Shetty, Pulmonologist, SRV Hospitals Goregaon, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae, but other bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus can also be responsible. 

Also read: Risks Factors Of Pneumonia Among Kids During Early Winter

Viral pneumonia is usually caused by influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or rhinoviruses. Fungal pneumonia is less common and typically affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing pneumonia. These include:

• Age (the very young and elderly are more vulnerable)
• chronic lung diseases (such as COPD)
• Smoking
• A weakened immune system
• Living in crowded environments
• Exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants

Symptoms

The symptoms of pneumonia can vary depending on the cause, age of the affected individual, and overall health condition. Common symptoms include:

• Cough, often with phlegm or pus
• Chest pain or discomfort, worsened by deep breathing or coughing.
• Shortness of breath or rapid breathing.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Fever, sweating, and chills.
• Bluish coloration of the lips or nails (indicating a lack of oxygen).
• Confusion, especially in older adults

Diagnosis and Treatment

If pneumonia is suspected, a healthcare professional will conduct a thorough evaluation, including a physical examination, medical history review, and diagnostic tests. These tests may include chest X-rays, blood tests, sputum culture, and occasionally more advanced imaging techniques.

Treatment for pneumonia depends on the cause, severity, and overall health of the patient. Bacterial pneumonia is often treated with antibiotics, while viral pneumonia may require antiviral medications and supportive care. In severe cases or when complications arise, hospitalisation may be necessary for intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and close monitoring.

Also read: Risk Of Pneumonia In Kids Doubles In Winters, Understand Potential Causes and Prevention

Prevention

Prevention is key in reducing the incidence of pneumonia. Vaccinations against common bacterial and viral pathogens, such as the pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, are highly recommended. Maintaining good hygiene practices, including frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with individuals who have respiratory infections, is essential. For individuals at high risk, such as the elderly or those with chronic illnesses, pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations are especially important.

Bottomline

Pneumonia is a significant respiratory infection that can have severe consequences if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Understanding the causes, recognising the symptoms, and seeking medical attention are crucial for effective management. By practising preventive measures and staying informed, we can collectively reduce the burden of pneumonia and safeguard the health of individuals across all age groups.